10/05/2023

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Explained - (Part 2)

Last week I explained in some detail how AI basically works, but I kind of glossed over one area I thought I'd expand on a little.

I had briefly mentioned that the FORMULA AI is creating for us is a MATRIX, more accurately, the FORMULA is made up of two MATRICES, the output from the first being fed into the second to get the final OUTPUT.

But I didn't say WHY it needs to be TWO MATRICES.

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Symbolic Logic is probably more Philosophy than it is Mathematics but it is used a lot in Math too.

If you know about Symbolic Logic great - but if not you can skip this - it's kind of detailed about AI.

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Anyway, one of the common Symbolic Logic operators used in Math is called "EOR" ("Exclusive OR").

"EOR" ("Exclusive OR")
If "A" is TRUE and "B" is FALSE then "A EOR B" is TRUE.
If "A" is FALSE and "B" is TRUE then "A EOR B" is TRUE.
If "A" and "B" are both FALSE then "A EOR B" is FALSE.
If "A" and "B" are both TRUE then "A EOR B" is FALSE.
This is a little tricky because it says ONLY one can be TRUE the other MUST be FALSE for the expression to be TRUE (that's the "Exclusive" part).

In 1943 Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts invented a neural network they called the "Perceptron" (or McCulloch-Pitts neuron) for which they had high hopes. 

Anyway, it turns out the Perceptron can't handle problems that need the "EOR" ("Exclusive OR") logic case in them.

Researchers later went on to discover that a MULTI-LAYER Perceptron WAS capable of handling the "EOR" logic case.

And that's why there needs to be TWO MATRICES (two layers) in the FORMULA.

It turns out using even more layers can let AI make a "better" FORMULA for us.

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Back in the 1950s they coined the phrase "Artificial Intelligence"

In 1958 it was reported the Perceptron was "the embryo of an electronic computer that ... will be able to walk, talk, see, write, reproduce itself and be conscious of its existence."

In 1970, AI researcher Marvin Minsky predicted: "In from three to eight years we will have a machine with the general intelligence of an average human being."

These predictions were a little optomistic :-)

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Stay Jazzed!
--Tom Swezey





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